Business & Business Interests

• • Business & Equity Valuation

Investors employ a range of methodologies to determine the fair worth of a company’s equity, which is known as business valuation. The most crucial component of business valuation is making good investment decisions. Individual investors, institutional investors, and hedge funds are examples of end-users.

• • Valuation of Start-up

Startup valuation is the process of determining a company’s true worth. Every startup requires valuation because it is the most important factor in determining the total equity owed to an investor in exchange for funds. Investors, on the other hand, benefit because it allows them to receive the expected return on their investment.

• • Valuation of IPO

The company’s future growth projections determine the IPO valuation, with the goal of raising capital to fund future growth prospects. IPO valuation refers to the process of determining the fair value of a company’s equity.

• • Valuation of REIT

REITs, or Real Estate Investment Trusts, are dividend-paying stocks that focus on real estate. Net Asset Value (NAV) is a popular REIT valuation method that determines the fair market value of real estate assets rather than evaluating future cash flows and discounting them to the present.

• • Valuation of M&A

In an M&A transaction, the acquirer and the target are the two parties involved in the valuation appraisal process. The acquirer seeks to purchase the target at the lowest possible price, whereas the target seeks to purchase at the greatest possible price. As a result, valuation is critical in M&A transactions from both the buyer’s and seller’s viewpoints because it aids in determining the final transaction price.

• • Leverage Buy-Out Valuation

A leveraged buyout is a large-debt-funded acquisition of an underperforming company. The investors intend to use the company’s operational cash flows to increase shareholder returns and repay debt. LBO is widely used for business growth in the majority of cases. Buyers can use LBO to calculate the maximum purchase price based on leverage levels and associated returns.

• • Valuation of ESOPs and Sweat Equity, Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP)

An ESOP is a plan in which a company grants stock options to employees based on their performance. Employees who have taken ESOPS have the right, but not the obligation, to purchase the company’s shares at a predetermined price. Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) improve employee
performance while increasing shareholder value.

The primary goal of ESOP paying companies is to retain high-performing employees, thereby making them shareholders in the company. A few benefits include increased productivity as ESOPs aid in recognizing strong employee loyalty and attracting high-performers, as well as employee retention.

• • Valuation for Tax, Capital Gain, Transfer Pricing

Tax Valuations – Tax strategies have become an essential instrument in the corporate sector for tax-related concerns, and they are quite complex, requiring regulatory oversight. As a result, tax rules and regulations stipulate that a valuation be performed prior to implementation. Tax valuation services include purchase price allocations, company, and legal entity valuations, estate and gift tax valuations, tax restructuring valuations, and non-compete agreement valuations.

Capital Gain – A capital gain is an increase in asset value caused by the asset’s price appreciation. When the sale price of an asset exceeds the purchase price, a capital gain occurs. Capital gains are taxed on capital assets such as stocks, bonds, goodwill, and real estate.

Transfer Pricing – Transfer pricing is the price that one division of a company charges another division for goods/services rendered. Transfer pricing occurs between related businesses, such as holding and subsidiary corporations. Transfer pricing’s primary goal is to reduce the company’s overall tax burden.

• • Valuation for Financial Reporting, Fairness Opinion, Purchase Price Allocation (PPA) for M&A

Financial Reporting Valuations – Companies must accurately provide financial data to its shareholders and creditors. Companies prepare financial statements in accordance with accounting standards, which say that assets and liabilities should be valued at fair value. Financial reporting services can assist clients with mergers and acquisitions, tax planning and compliance, financial reporting, litigation and dispute resolution, and strategic planning.

Fairness Opinion – This assessment is based on a detailed financial analysis, which includes a comparison of the target’s value to the purchase price in order to determine whether the transaction is fair to the company’s shareholders.

Purchase Price Allocation for M&A – Purchase Price Allocation is a key component of an M&A transaction that allows the value of the purchase payment to be distributed among various tangible and intangible assets obtained from the target after the merger.

• • Determination of Swap Ratio under Merger and Demerger

The swap ratio is the rate at which a company’s shares are exchanged during an M&A deal. M&A transactions should ideally not include a cash purchase of the target’s equity shares. Instead, the purchasing business has the option of paying cash, converting the target’s shares to its own, or a combination of cash and stock. To convert one company’s shares into another, both businesses must agree on an exchange rate, known as the swap ratio.

• • Valuation of Inventory / Stocks and Debentures / Receivables

When producing financial statements, corporations use inventory valuation to determine the value of unsold goods. This value assists businesses in determining their inventory turnover ratio, which aids in purchasing decisions.

When a debenture is redeemable, the present value of the debenture can be computed by projecting future cash flows and discounting the expected future cash flows at a discounted rate.

• • Litigation and Dispute Support

Businesses involved in complex issues benefit from litigation and dispute resolution services. Financial litigation support assists in assessing damages and analyzing how the issue affects the firm, whether the argument is over lost earnings, economic damages, or business valuation.